The Unites States Education Reform - 1809 Words

The Unites States Education Reform The United States Board of Education fosters the mission statement to, â€Å"promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access†(U.S. Department of Education). The United States currently uses standardized test to serve as a knowledge check point. The system then compares the test results to develop a black and white curriculum for all students, failing to include aspects of different learning techniques. The standardized results provided excellent information about students ability to comprehend a statement and regurgitate an answer by filling in A, B, or C. The tests fail to promote creativity and diverse thinking. In a perfect†¦show more content†¦As stated in the Atlantis, one of America’s leading political magazines, â€Å"Finland s success is especially intriguing because Finnish schools assign less homework and engage children in more creative play†(Partanen). So how is Finland consistently turning in some of the highest test results? Could the United State’s k-12 education ever adapt to reform its system to reflect Finland s suggests? To improve the United States current education, schools need to find an alternative to standardized tests and make classrooms more interactive. The curriculum needs to be focused on students’ futures to prepare them for the 21st century, not the past. Prince EA, a motivational filmmaker, poet, and speaker, made a YouTube video about the United States education system, he opens with a quote from Albert Einstein that states, â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.† To put this into perspective, standardized tests represent the tree and students represent the fish. Most students don’t process information in the same way. In Fact, it’s widely accepted that different approaches to learning have numerous advantages to stimulate students’ learning motivation (Proulx etc.). Many modern day U.S. schools use digital game-based learning. This approach, â€Å"integrat[es] appropriateShow MoreRelatedHow the United States Government Has Changed1030 Words   |  5 PagesSince the fight for liberty from Europe, the political system of the United States had change for good. The United States had made improvement in t heir government structure to make the country a better place. The country has being affected in many different ways since the departure from the mother country. Due to the liberty the American people wanted, they had to make a government that could lead them to a better country than the mother country. The American people had being making many improvementsRead MoreImmigration : A Nation Of Immigrants937 Words   |  4 Pagesfix the United States’ many economic and social problems with his immigration reform. This plan, which promises temporary citizenship to qualifying immigrants, has put a strain in the relationship between the national and state governments. Texas’ current governor Greg Abbott is currently taking legal action against President Obama’s administration, he argues that President Obama’s immigration reform will hurt the economy. Greg Abbott is not only fighting Obama’s immigration reform but he is alsoRead MoreReactionary Policies173 2 Words   |  7 Pagesof extreme repression. He turned his back on reform all together and instituted a series of predictable repressive measures that collectively known as â€Å"The Reaction†. There were numerous reactionary policies brought in by the new and unexpected Tsar, one of which was known as Russification. This particular policy was brought in in 1881 at the very beginning of the Tsar’s reign, it has three main aims: repression of opponents; undoing the liberal reforms of his father and restoring Russia’s positionRead MorePresident Obama s Presidential Election1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States holds a presidential election every four years. The current president, Barack Obama, is unable to seek reelection for third time because the Twenty-second Amendment states a president can only serve two terms. President Obama’s final term ends January 20th, 2017, the same day as the new presidential inauguration. The new president to be induc ted will be elected November 8th, 2016, Election Day. The race to be president began shortly after the 2014 presidential election, where candidatesRead MoreAchievement of the Goals Set Down in the Charter Oath of 1868 by 1895630 Words   |  3 Pagesuncivilized customs, to learn useful and practical knowledge and the national interest would override all other interests. After examining the result of certain reform items, the goals set down in the Charter Oath were to a large extent achieved by 1895. The Charter Oath promised an elected assembly to discuss and to decide state affairs. It was achieved by the creation of a constitutional government in 1889. The Meiji granted the Japanese people certain rights never before knownRead MoreThe Liberal Election Victory of 1906 Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesElection Victory of 1906 The Liberals won a landslide election victory in 1906. It is claimed that the loss of power for the Conservatives was largely due to a decline in fortunes as the party split due to issues over tariff reforms. On the other hand it is assumed that the loss was due to the complacency and the neglect of Workingmens Interests. Arthur James Balfour had become the Conservative leader in the House of Commons and served (1891-92, 1895-1903) as theRead MoreThe Opening Of Japan And China Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesJonah Noel December 3, 2016 The â€Å"opening† of Japan and China; A love story Throughout history, dozens of countries have adopted isolationist policies on countless different occasions. For example, in the United States in the 1930’s, many Americans felt that amidst the Great Depression, the government should focus its efforts on solving problems at home before intervening in international affairs. Furthermore, today, totalitarian dictators often isolate their countries in order to consolidate theirRead MoreAre Colleges Worth The Price Of Admission?928 Words   |  4 PagesThe ideal purpose of a college education was not to become the greatest financial outlay for a parent or guardian. It’s basic mission was to challenge the minds of younger individuals but instead many are burdened with staggering loans from something that was meant essentially to benefit. It has become a common burden for a family to be in debt six figures behind college tuition and colleges are losing their primary purpose of challenging the mind of young individuals. The e ssay â€Å"Are Colleges WorthRead MoreThe Education Of The Public Education763 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum in schools is undergoing a revolution in public education. This revolution is sparked by an increase in federal funding over the last decade. Between the years of 2011 and 2015, the federal government alone invested between three and 3.7 billion dollars yearly for STEM education (Johnson, 2012) (White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2014) and new STEM educational instructional strategies (Bruce-Dacis, GubbinsRead MoreA Balanced Believers Reform Movement1248 Words   |  5 PagesBalanced Believers Reform The time and need for reform has never been greater than it is right now. The way in which the world is moving is causing divisions among the people of the Islamic faith. Now is the time to look to the Qur’an and the hadith. We must achieve the right balance of maintaining our acts toward God, while modernizing and changing with the times, in order to better benefit society and people as a whole. This is why our reform movement urges all Muslims to join this cause and become

To What Extent Was The New Deal A Success What Were Its...

Smitkumar Patel US History – 2 Professor Ojserkis 1 May 2017 To what extent was the New Deal a success? What were its successes and failures? The new deal was many programs issued by the US government to help the economy after the stock market crash of 1929. The new deal was issued because of the great depression and the new deal was a way to get out of the great depression. The great depression began in August 1929 and it lasted for about 10 years. â€Å"The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939, and was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world.† (History.com) The Great Depression caused many issues in the US such as job losses. The president during the great depression was President Herbert Hoover and he was†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"One if four Americans was out of work by 1933† (Livingnewdeal.org). A huge amount of the US population was unemployed and to change that President Roosevelt had to do something. In his new deal president Roosevelt created many jobs. What the new deal did was it created many different agencies to provide work for millions of unemployed workers and paid wages which saved many families. There were many agencies such as the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and The Public Works Administration (PWA), and Work Progress Administration (WPA) which gave work to 3 million people. The new deal also helped recover the economy by stabilizing the banks and cleaning up the mess from the stock market crash of 1929. â€Å"Roosevelt sought to reform the financial system, creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect depositors accounts and the securities and exchange commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market and prevent abuse of the kind that led to the 1929 crash† (History.com). Not only did Roosevelt make agencies to help create jobs there was also many agencies created to help the financial system and to regulate the stock market so that something like the great depression does not happen again. This shows that t he new deal was successful because it was able to give many jobs to unemployed Americans and fix the stock market and the financial system and manyShow MoreRelatedNatural Disasters And Attacks By Individuals Or Groups1710 Words   |  7 PagesFurthermore, the model deals with a magnitude of events, to which federal and community partnerships are essential in creating a foundation for managing the crisis (I.C.,2012). The aim of this model is the application when necessary of the best possible practices, and procedures, which hinder on safety, achievement of objectives, and efficiency (I.C., 2012). The primary focus of this paper will be on the natural disaster of 2005, Hurricane Katrina, and how the ICS model was used in containing theRead MoreThe Kennedy And Lyndon B Johnson775 Words   |  4 PagesLyndon B Johnson were thrown into the caldron of executive US politics on January 20th 1961 having been elected on a single presidential/vice presidential ticket. As progressive-liberal s, their incumbency oversaw a period of substantial domestic and international change that has continued to shape America to this day. Historical assessments of each President are wide-ranging. Historians such as Robert Dallek, author of ‘J.F.K. - An Unfinished Life’, conclude that Kennedy’s premiership was one of ‘smallRead MoreThe Successes and Failures of Mussolinis Domestic Policies in Italy Between 1922 and 19391101 Words   |  5 PagesThe Successes and Failures of Mussolinis Domestic Policies in Italy Between 1922 and 1939 Similar to those of Hitler, Mussolini’s main goals were to create an Italian state with a strong identity and role within Europe with a powerful military force. From the day he became Prime Minister on October 29th, 1922 of a coalition government, he lacked a certain skill in organization. It was not quite clear what exactly Mussolini wanted to do, and it seemed as though he madeRead MoreHow successfully did Britain secure its Interests in the Eastern Question from 1856-1902?1526 Words   |  7 Pages1856-1902? Between 1856 and 1902 British aims were to secure trade routes, maintain the balance of power in Britain’s favour, have naval control of the Mediterranean and to safeguard India and North Africa against threatening powers such as France and Russia. These aims were fundamental to Britain at the time and heavily influenced British foreign policy including British involvement in the Eastern Question. Britain’s aims in the Eastern Question were to maintain the integrity of the Ottoman EmpireRead MoreExamples Of Strategic Planning1030 Words   |  5 Pagespositions were created to achieve the aims and objectives of the entity. At that time the major strategy was to employ consultants on as needed basis to complete varying tasks. However over time it was deemed necessary to make a strategic shift to increase the staff complement in order to build core competencies. In dealing with the implementation of various projects, the strategic approach is to review the requirements of the stakeholders, look at what currently exists, research what happens globallyRead MoreBenefits Of A Child s Early Education1498 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter education when they start off school in smaller classrooms. Schools all across the world have different educations than those in the United States. They also tend to go through hardships in their education that causes them to doubt their failures and successes. Depending on how they are raised and how their school life is, it causes how they view other people from different cultures. They view people different from themselves and may sometimes not want to be around people that are different fromRead MoreEarle Charlton Was The Quintessential Entrepreneur1415 Words   |  6 PagesCharlton was the quintessential entrepreneur† (forward xxi). In order for one to be quintessential they should be trustworthy, have confidence, be persuasive, and be supportive. Earle Charlton was a perfect fit when it came to being a quintesse ntial leader. Risk taking was other quality that Earle Charlton took part in. He not only fulfilled but demonstrated all of these characteristics so fluently. Earle Charlton was not the typical entrepreneur. Scholars state, â€Å"Earle Charlton was the archetypalRead MoreProject Management Techniques For Success And Failure1589 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management Techniques for Success and Failure Individual Assignment BPM501, Semester 1 2016 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2 2. Project Classification 2 2.1 project success factor 2.2 cause of project failure 2.3 project success factor of IT 2.4 project failure factor of IT 3. Scope of the literature 4 3.1 Key words 3.2 Databases 3.3 Journals 4. Background (Headings and subheadings) 5 5. Discussion 6. Recommendations 7. Conclusion 8. YourRead MoreAchievement Attributions Of School Aged Australian Children : A Gender Based Study2308 Words   |  10 Pageschildren. Its aim was to investigate the internal and external factors relating to the attribution of success and failure in particular academic domains. The study used Bernard Weiner’s (1974) attribution theory to foreground the ideas behind the hypothesis. A total of 13 children participated in the study. Participants included 5 boys aged 6-13, and 8 girls aged 6-15. A questionnaire presented both qualitative and quantitative results. It was found that attributions to success and failure interrelatedRead MoreAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesAP Exam Essays 2001-2010 2010 AP Exam Essays 1. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? 2. Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783. 3. Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming

Chinas One Child Policy free essay sample

China’s One Child Policy Like Arthur Waley states When a son is born, Let him sleep on the bed, Clothe him with fine clothes, And give him jade to play†¦When a daughter is born, Let her sleep on the ground, Wrap her in common wrappings, And give broken tiles to play†¦. Traditional Chinese Society value and worship boys rather than girls because they say boys are more beneficial since they are harder workers and they carry on the last name of the family. Even though China may be heavily populated, its one child policy is brutal and needs to stop because newborn females are being abandoned, murdered, and abortions are conducted at an alarming rate. In 1967, the one child policy was introduced to limit the population since it was one of the worlds most populated country. â€Å"The one child family policy was developed and implemented in response to concerns about the social and economic consequences of continued rapid population growth† (Kane). This policy limited every family to have one child in order to try and decrease the size of the population in China. In some areas, the law didn’t apply if the first born child was a girl, military officers of a certain rank, members of China’s many ethnic minorities or farmers who were poor. Many families who decided to have more than one child, weren’t able to obtain a birth certificate, education, future birth control, and a fine would be applied to each and every other child one has. Those who didn’t want to face the consequences of having another child, often aborted or just left the baby to die in the street, especially if it was a baby girl. The frequent use of abortion and neglect in china is just savage to those innocent babies of Chinese families. Female Infanticide increased in China due to this one child policy. â€Å"Although the Chinese government recognized the risks to female infants in rural areas where anti-female bias is greater, allowing couples to have a second child if the first is a girl, the number of girls who have been subject to murder and neglect, as a result of this policy, numbers in the millions† (Female Infanticide). China’s one child policy was passed knowing that the female infanticide would grow and as a result it led to millions of neglected and murdered newborn girls which brought the birth rate of girls down. â€Å"Despite the egalitarian nature of Chinese society, many parents believe that having a son is a vital element of providing for their old age. Therefore in extreme cases, a baby is killed if it is not of the preferred sex, because of the pressure not to have more than one child† (Female Infanticide). Girls in China are being neglected and intentionally killed by their own parents due to the fact that many families in china prefer to have a son since they are the ones who carry the last name and are more likely to succeed. â€Å"The main reasons given for abortion are contraceptive failure and a lack of government approval for the pregnancy under the one child policy† (Hesketh). The lack of money also resulted in many abortions and neglect of newborn babies. If families followed this one child policy, the first child would earn free education, health and money for their one and only child. Having more than one baby effected the life’s of many families because of the fact that there would be a fine assigned for each and every other child they had, they wouldn’t earn a birth certificate, there would be no government help and they would have to pay more tax. The primary reason why China’s One Child Policy was conducted, was because of its overpopulated country. â€Å"After the introduction of the one-child policy, the fertility rate in China fell from 2. 63 births per woman in 1980 (already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s) to 1. 61 in 2009† (Torrent). When this policy was passed, many families followed the one child policy, which prevented the population from going up. If the policy was never conducted, the births between those years would have been double the amount they were. â€Å"In China’s poor areas, economic and cultural backwardness and too many births often interact as both cause and effect. The Chinese government has taken a step in giving support to the development of poor areas to alleviate poverty by promoting family planning, holding population growth under control, and raising the life quality of the population in those areas† (Torrent). The overpopulation resulted in an increase in birth rates, decline in mortality rates, and made it difficult to obtain more resources. This policy also helped those families in need, by providing government resources if only they abided by the rules of having one child. Overall China’s One Child Policy has helped maintain the population from increasing and it also has given an opportunity for the low class to live in better conditions. China’s One Child policy is unjust to those innocent newborns who are being abandoned, neglected by their own parents, put up for adoption, and sometimes not even given the opportunity of being born. The preference of a boy over a girl is also really unnecessary, yes boys are more capable of being more successful in the Chinese society because of the higher wages they earn, and better jobs they offer but a girl should also be able to live her life, girls are humans just like boys are. â€Å"But men without women are altogether more troublesome than women without men, especially when they are young† (Hitchens). At an obvious point, women are needed to reproduce. How is the Chinese society going to keep on growing if only boys are being reproduced? Does the Chinese society want girls to become extinct, because without girls boys will also become extinct, which would just make the whole Chinese society extinct. Keeping population low helps the society live in a better, stable condition but girls shouldn’t be neglected and they should be favored as much as boys are favored, because either way boys and girls are both humans beings and should be treated equally. Overall, it’s ones fault for their actions so why put others down for ones mistakes. Even though China’s population increased over time, China’s One Child Policy kept it from increasing even more than expected. â€Å"As a result, in 2008, China’s rate of population growth was only 5 per thousand, down from over 14 per thousand in 1990 and 25 per thousand in 197â€Å"(Wang). Population is still increasing but not as dramatically as before. â€Å"Today the national fertility level is around 1. 5 and possibly lower. In the country’s more developed regions, fertility has been even lower for more than a decade—barely above 1 child per couple, a level that rivals the lowest fertility rates in the world†(Wang). Even the birth rate has been reported to be decreasing, it might be because the policy is being followed or because many families are continuing to abort, neglect, or murder the child. â€Å"†¦the projected 20 to 30 million Chinese men who will not be able to find wives, due to the country’s decades-long imbalanced sex ratio at birth, may constitute a large group of unhappy, dissatisfied people† (Wang). It is said that, since there would be less women than men, many men would not even get the opportunity to get married which will cause criminal intentions and maybe even homosexuals. This policy may be helpful in decreasing the population, but it’s changing the way many people think about girls and boys, and it’s making people do unwanted actions. Everyone should have the chance to live how they desire, to have as many children they want, because either way they’re responsible for their actions. China’s One Child Policy was conducted to reduce the rate of population by following the rule of having one child per family, which led to many neglected unborn or newborn babies and female infanticide. As Cameron states, â€Å"We document that Chinas One-Child Policy (OCP), one of the most radical approaches to limiting population growth, has produced significantly less trusting, less trustworthy, more risk-averse, less competitive, more pessimistic, and less conscientious individuals†. The main cause for China’s One Child Policy was to avoid a national population crisis, and the effect that arose was the sex-selective abortion and uneven gender ratio. It is always ones choice and action one decides for themselves, no matter what the consequences bring.

War poems compared Essay Example For Students

War poems compared Essay The First World War began in 1914 and ended in 1918. Throughout the two years many men volunteered thinking that it was an opportunity to fight for their country. But they were badly mistaken. Instead of what they thought war was going to bring them, excitement and adventure, they received horrors beyond imagination. Spring Offensive and Exposure are two poems where the setting and atmosphere contribute to the ideas expressed by the poets. Wilfred Owen, who fought in the war and knew what the conditions where like, wrote both these poems which show different sides of war. One shows what war was like in the spring and the other shows what war was like in the winter. In the first section of Spring Offensive, Wilfred Owen describes what the soldiers were doing just before they went to battle. The soldiers relax and think of what could happen to them, Knowing their feet had come to an end of the world. Marvelling they stood, and watched the long grass swirled. The soldiers rest before they go to battle. The word Marvelling means that the soldiers stand there on the green grass and looking at the beautiful nature around them, thinking how this might be the last time they see something as beautiful. We will write a custom essay on War poems compared specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The words May Breeze, murmurous with wasp and midge; The ms and w emphasis the sound of an insects in the summer and that adds to the nature at the beginning of the poem. In the second section the poem the soldiers are getting ready to go to war. open stretch of herb and heather Exposed. And instantly the whole sky burned with fury against them This first part of this phrase shows that as soon as the soldiers started to run over the hill they had nothing to cover them; they were Exposed to the enemys fire. Also the words instantly the whole sky burned with fury against them show that as they ran over the hill, all hell let loose. Bullets and bombs were flying everywhere; dust was created out of thin air that hid the Sun from reaching onto the field. Finally in the last section of the poem men come back from war, many think that they are heroes but the soldiers will never forget what happened on that field and how they shouldnt be crowned heroes, but murderers. few who rushed in the body to enter hell and there out-fiending all its fiends and flames with superhuman inhumanities The first part of the quote shows soldiers thinking that being on the battle field was worst than being in hell. This shows what happened on the battle field was extremely sinful and the men regret it. This also applies to a quote nearer the end of the poem, Why speak no they of comrades that went under? This emphasises the fact that the horrors of war were so great they did not want to talk about the war. In Exposure Owen describes how the soldiers had to wait in the cold for the enemy to make a mistake. At the beginning of the poem Owen describes how cold winter was merciless iced east winds that knive us The word merciless and knive tell the reader that in winter most the soldiers died because of cold. They froze to death. Also at the end of nearly each stanza there is a quote, But nothing happens which emphasises the fact that winter was extremely cold and the soldiers where senseless and neither our soldiers nor the enemy had enough energy to move so both sides just waited until the cold disaster was over. .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be , .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .postImageUrl , .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be , .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be:hover , .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be:visited , .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be:active { border:0!important; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be:active , .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue606d0f2625055a636a18c4f4e4b20be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Doll's House Externalizing Inner Problems EssayAt first, when the First World War began the soldiers where very pleased and excited but in this poem Owen shows how many men realised the mistake they made What are we doing here? this quote shows exactly that. Men questioned themselves if war was really worth leaving their family just to gain a medal. I dont think it was. In Exposure Owen uses the same language technique as he did in Spring Offensive, Sudden successive flights of bullet streaks the silence the s alliteration creates the onomatopoeic sound of bullets flying through the air. Also the f alliteration Flowing flakes that flock imitates how dull winter seems. Its very beautiful in the winter but lifeless. When blood is shed on the white snow, winter comes to life. The difference between the two poems is that one is set in a cold environment and the other has a warm setting. The words May breeze indicates that in the spring it was quiet warm, it was the perfect season to fight in because it wasnt too hot or too cold. In Exposure it was the opposite. It was the worst season to fight in and Owen describes winter as being, merciless because the winter had no mercy on any soldier. Even the title of the poem itself indicates that the men were exposed to the cold. The cold made the soldiers weak and vulnerable so they could not give 100% in the fight. Whos For The Game? and God! How I Hate You view war in completely different ways. One poem discusses how war is good for the world, using a propagandistic technique to persuade soldiers to join the war and fight for their country. The other discusses the reality of war and describes to us the conditions or war behind the propagandistic image.

Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating Salary

Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating Salary No matter what your job, no matter what your industry, you have something in common with everyone else: you want to make more money as you move through your career. (Living the dream!) Similarly, the way to get there is pretty universal as well: learning how to negotiate your workplace value into cash money. Whether you’re already in a job and you’re seeking a raise, or you’ve just gotten a job offer and want to maximize your starting salary, there are tools to keep in your belt for negotiating your salary. 1. Negotiating Salary When You’ve Just Gotten a Job Offer  a.   When Should You Start Negotiating?  b.   What Tools Should You Have Ready to Go?  c.   How Should You Approach the Negotiation?  d.   When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?  e.   What Mistakes Are Lurking?  2. Negotiating Salary If  You’re Looking for a Raise/Promotion  a.  When Should You Start Negotiating?  b.  What Tools Should You Have Rea dy to Go?  c.  How Should You Approach It?  d.  When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?  How to Negotiate If You’ve Just Gotten a Job OfferCongratulations! Score! You’ve outwitted, outlasted, and outplayed your competitors to get to the end. (Oh wait, that’s Survivor.) Now after you’ve had a glass of champagne (or the fizzy celebratory beverage of your choice), don’t get too complacent- you’ve still got one more stage: the salary negotiation.  Business.com has a great overview of the process:When Should You Start Negotiating?You should wait until you have your job offer in hand. Mention money too early, and you run the risk of giving information that could limit your salary ceiling (like what you were earning previously, or what you’d be willing to accept now). It could also be a turn-off for the hiring company†¦you don’t want to seem too mercenary before you even have the job. During the interview phase s, focus on your attributes and experience, and on getting hired.Once you’ve received an offer, then it’s time to start negotiating your salary.What Tools Should You Have Ready to Go?  As you get ready for battle, here are three things to have at the top of your mind.1. A target salary rangeWhile you shouldn’t actually mention salary while you’re interviewing, you should definitely start thinking about the best-case scenario (job offer and salary negotiation stage) ahead of time. Part of that is doing your homework on what you’re worth, professionally.There are tons of resources online that can help you drill down into your specific industry and job, and find at least a range that feels comfortable based on your experience level. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has baseline government data on salaries and career outlooks for various industries. Sites like Payscale.com, Salary.com, and GlassDoor.com can help you zoom in on your professional wo rth as well, aggregating data about real people’s salaries in various industries. You want your expectations to be realistic, so gather as much info as you can about the salaries attached to your new role (or similar jobs in the industry), for people at your experience level.2. Your selling points (which are now justification points)In addition to having a dollar range in mind, you should keep your resume and interview talking points handy as well. It may seem like those are old news after you aced your interview, but you should have a ready list of all of your accomplishments and experience to bolster any requests for a higher salary.3. Intangibles And don’t forget that while we call this â€Å"salary† negotiation, it’s about your entire compensation package at your new job. That includes yes, your baseline salary, but also vacation time, flexible work arrangements, paid leave, and other benefits. These may take a backseat to the official dollar amount, but they’re great to have as an additional bargaining chip- especially if the company proves unwilling or unable to meet your goal salary. You can try to get additional time off, or work-from-home arrangements to compensate for a slightly lower salary.4. Your dealbreaker amount Unfortunately, some negotiations won’t work out. As part of your salary range, you should also keep the lower limit in mind- the number where, if the salary falls below it and can’t budge upward, you can’t move forward with this new job.How Should You Approach the Negotiation?Some companies will include a salary offer with the official job offer. In this case, you would use that number as a starting point, or an â€Å"anchor.† If you get an offer without a dollar amount attached, you get to throw out a number as the anchor. Again (and I can’t emphasize this enough), be realistic. If you’re going for a mid-level management position and you walk in asking for a g iant signing bonus and a Ferrari, you might be laughed right out of your job offer.According to recruiter Nick Corcodilos, a goal to keep in mind for switching jobs is about a 20% increase in salary. That may or may not be realistic depending on your industry or your new company’s economic situation, but think of it as an ideal-world guideline.Either way, once the initial dollar amounts is out there, don’t accept the first offer from your new company. You won’t lose your job offer just for negotiating- it’s a commonplace part of the hiring process these days. Send a counteroffer, and go from there.To see how salary negotiations can play out, career author Ramit Sethi has a no-holds-barred approach in this video negotiation re-enactment:When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?As Kenny Rogers once told us, part of the game is knowing when to fold ‘em. Negotiation for a new job is a form of gambling- there’s no guarantee the company will m eet your salary request. If their initial and subsequent offers fall below what you are able to accept, then it’s okay to turn down the job offer and walk away. If you really need or want this job, and the salary offer falls substantially short, try to use that â€Å"intangibles† chip and try to bolster things like vacation time or job title as a way to offset the salary before you accept the offer.  Also, don’t let the process drag out indefinitely. The company is clearly interested in filling this role as soon as possible, and you want things to move along as well. Expect the process to advance over a short period of time†¦possibly a few days. Once you know things aren’t going to work, it’s better to put that out there and get the inevitable end out of the way.What Mistakes Are Lurking?Here are some of the top mistakes people make in negotiating a new job salary:Accepting the first offer. Just don’t do it! You don’t know how high you could have gone if you don’t even try.Aiming too high. Be realistic in your salary expectations.Being too aggressive. A respectful tone is key to the process- after all, these will likely be your colleagues soon. Confidence and information are great tools- swagger is not.Accepting without knowing salary. If, in your excitement, you accept the job offer without knowing what your salary is (and having a chance to respond or negotiate), you put yourself at a major disadvantage.How to Negotiate If You’re Looking for a Raise/PromotionIf you’re already comfortable in your job and are seeking a merit-based raise, the process is a little different. No one is going to come to you and say, â€Å"You know what? You’ve been awesome this year. Take this extra cash.† The initiative is all on you. It’s easy for both employers and employees to get complacent. Once they have you in place, what’s their incentive to keep throwing money at you? Many companies have an automatic yearly raise in place, often at the cost-of-living level. But even if you can already expect a bump in your salary this year, there’s no reason you can’t try to negotiate and maximize that. And if your company doesn’t have an automatic raise mechanism in place, all the more reason to make a case that you deserve more.RELATED:  How to Negotiate Your Salary in an InterviewWhen Should You Start Negotiating?Your annual review is a pretty common time to kick off this process. Your manager is already thinking about your performance for the year, and may have promotions on the brain. However, you don’t necessarily need to wait for an official window for talking about salary. If you’ve come to the conclusion that you would like to ask for more money, all you really need to do is schedule time with your boss to sit down and discuss. Make sure you have set a time when both of you can concentrate- don’t do it on the f ly (like as you’re both getting coffee in the morning).What Tools Should You Have Ready to Go?Even though you’ve likely been at your job for a while, don’t rely on your boss’s institutional memory of what you’ve done. Be prepared to come up with your â€Å"I deserve a raise today† package from scratch. This is especially true if your current boss isn’t the one who hired you. Don’t make him or her dig through your HR file to get your resume from six years ago. Here’s what you should be prepared to bring to your meeting:Updated resume. An up-to-date resume isn’t a betrayal of your employer, or a sign you’re looking to jump ship. It’s a smart tool to have: a current record of what you’ve accomplished in the time since you’ve been hired.A target salary range. Similar to a new hire, you should know what you’re worth, professionally. Use sites like the S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Pa yscale.com, Salary.com, and GlassDoor.com to figure out where you should be aiming. This can be good for two reasons: a) If you’re making less than other people in similar roles, that’s a great talking point to have; and b) it prevents you from asking for the Moon when you should be asking for, say, a modest moon rock.Non-salary considerations. Would your life be easier if you could work from home one day a week? Can you get three extra vacation days? These are things to consider, especially if your company isn’t able or willing to meet your â€Å"suggested† new salary.A plan B. If your company can’t or won’t compensate you to a level you deserve based on your achievements and experience, then what’s your next move? Do you sigh, keep the status quo, and try again next year? Or do you decide that this is no longer a company you want to work for? Before you talk with your boss, have a sense of what you will do, pending different outcome s.How Should You Approach It?Long before you approach your boss about a raise, make sure you’re performing at the top of your game. Take on extra responsibilities, and make sure everything’s documented. Seek out leadership opportunities within your company. And always, always have specific examples in mind. You’ll need to justify the extra money, so having concrete talking points as to how you’ve gone above and beyond will make it easier for your boss to either approve, or pass it along to the next level for consideration.25% of people that asked for a raise got more money than they were expectingThe politics can be tricky with an in-house request for a raise. After all, you’re not facing a faceless HR person or someone you met once for an interview. You’re approaching someone you’ve worked with, possibly for a long time. According to research by Undercover Recruiter, people are anxious in general about asking for a raise- as many as 39% of people are hesitant to dive into the process, with a scant 26% of women and 40% of men feeling confident enough to go for it: Once you’ve gathered your data points and gathered the courage to approach your manager about a raise, make sure you keep a balanced, professional tone throughout. Even if you and your boss are best buds, remember that this is a relationship-neutral zone: he or she can’t reward you just for being a hilarious friend, or a co-conspirator in office shenanigans. Remember that you’re negotiating something as a professional, so act like the consummate professional who deserves more compensation.When Do You Settle? Or, When Do You Walk Away?Unlike a new job offer salary negotiation, you don’t have the same luxury of walking away from the process. If your boss says no, you still have to show up at work the next day. This is where your Plan B comes in handy. If you’d already decided that you’re going to move on if the c ompany doesn’t give you a raise, don’t quit in a snit. Calmly end the conversation with your boss, and quietly make plans to look for your next job opportunity. Remember, it’s easier to look for a job while you have a job, so don’t give up in anger and endanger your security in the meantime.So what do you think? Are you ready to approach your next salary discussion like the keen-eyed shark you can be?RELATED:  11 Tips for Getting the Salary You Want

Theories of the Origin and Evolution of Human Language

Theories of the Origin and Evolution of Human Language The expression language origins refers to theories pertaining to the emergence and development of language in human societies. Over the centuries, many theories have been put forward- and almost all of them have been challenged, discounted, and ridiculed. (See Where Does Language Come From?) In 1866, the Linguistic Society of Paris banned any discussion of the topic: The Society will accept no communication concerning either the origin of language or the creation of a universal language. Contemporary linguist Robbins Burling says that anyone who has read widely in the literature on language origins cannot escape a sneaking sympathy with the Paris linguists. Reams of nonsense have been written about the subject (The Talking Ape, 2005). In recent decades, however, scholars from such diverse fields as genetics, anthropology, and cognitive science have been engaged, as Christine Kenneally says, in a cross-discipline, multidimensional treasure hunt to find out how language began. It is, she says, the hardest problem in science today (The First Word, 2007). Observations on the Origins of Language Divine origin [is the] conjecture that human language originated as a gift from God. No scholar takes this idea seriously today. (R.L. Trask, A Students Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, 1997; rpt. Routledge, 2014) Numerous and varied explanations have been put forth to explain how humans acquired language- many of which date back to the time of the Paris ban. Some of the more fanciful explanations have been given nicknames, mainly to the effect of dismissal by ridicule. The scenario by which language evolved in humans to assist the coordination of working together (as on the pre-historic equivalent of a loading dock) has been nicknamed the yo-heave-ho model. Theres the bow-wow model in which language originated as imitations of animal cries. In the poo-poo model, language started from emotional interjections. During the twentieth century, and particularly its last few decades, discussion of language origins has become respectable and even fashionable. One major problem remains, however; most models about language origins do not readily lend themselves to the formation of testable hypotheses, or rigorous testing of any sort. What data will allow us to conclude that one model or another best explains how language arose? (Norman A. Johnson, Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes. Oxford University Press, 2007) Physical Adaptations - Instead of looking at types of sounds as the source of human speech, we can look at the types of physical features humans possess, especially those that are distinct from other creatures, which may have been able to support speech production. . . . Human teeth are upright, not slanting outwards like those of apes, and they are roughly even in height. Such characteristics are . . . very helpful in making sounds such as f or v. Human lips have much more intricate muscle lacing than is found in other primates and their resulting flexibility certainly helps in making sounds like p, b, and m. In fact, the b and m sounds are the most widely attested in the vocalizations made by human infants during their first year, no matter which language their parents are using. (George Yule, The Study of Language, 5th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2014) -   In the evolution of the human vocal tract since the split with other apes, the adult larynx descended to its lower position. Phonetician Philip Lieberman has persuasively argued that the ultimate cause of the human lowered larynx is its function in producing different vowels. This is a case of natural selection for more effective communication. . . . Babies are born with their larynxes in a high position, like monkeys. This is functional, as there is a reduced risk of choking, and babies are not yet talking. . . . By about the end of the first year, the human larynx descends to its near-adult lowered position. This is a case of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny, the growth of the individual reflecting the evolution of the species. (James R. Hurford, The Origins of Language. Oxford University Press, 2014) From Words to Syntax Language-ready modern children learn vocabulary voraciously before they begin to make grammatical utterances several words long. So we presume that in the origins of language a one-word stage preceded our remote ancestors first steps into grammar. The term protolanguage has been widely used to describe this one-word stage, where there is vocabulary but no grammar. (James R. Hurford, The Origins of Language. Oxford University Press, 2014) The Gesture Theory of Language Origin - Speculation about how languages originate and evolve has had an important place in the history of ideas, and it has been intimately linked to questions about the nature of the signed languages of the deaf and human gestural behavior in general. It can be argued, from a phylogenetic perspective, the origin of human sign languages is coincident with the origin of human languages; sign languages, that is, are likely to have been the first true languages. This is not a new perspectiveit is perhaps as old as nonreligious speculation about the way human language may have begun. (David F. Armstrong and Sherman E. Wilcox, The Gestural Origin of Language. Oxford University Press, 2007) - [A]n analysis of the physical structure of visible gesture provides insights into the origins of syntax, perhaps the most difficult question facing students of the origin and evolution of language . . .. It is the origin of syntax that transforms naming into language, by enabling human beings to comment on and think about the relationships between things and events, that is, by enabling them to articulate complex thoughts and, most important, share them with others. . . . We are not the first to suggest a gestural origin of language. [Gordon] Hewes (1973; 1974; 1976) was one of the first modern proponents of a gestural origins theory. [Adam] Kendon (1991: 215) also suggests that the first kind of behaviour that could be said to be functioning in anything like a linguistic fashion would have had to have been gestural. For Kendon, as for most others who consider gestural origins of language, gestures are placed in opposition to speech and vocalization. . . . While we would agree with Kendons strategy of examining the relationships among spoken and signed languages, pantomime, graphic depiction, and other modes of human representation, we are not convinced that placing gesture in opposition to speech leads to a productive framework for understanding the emergence of cognition and language. For us, the answer to the question, If language began as gesture, why did it not stay that way? is that it did. . . . All language, in the words of Ulrich Neisser (1976), is articulatory gesturing. We are not proposing that language began as gesture and became vocal. Language has been and always will be gestural (at least until we evolve a reliable and universal capacity for mental telepathy). (David F. Armstrong, William C. Stokoe, and Sherman E. Wilcox, Gesture and the Nature of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1995) - If, with [Dwight] Whitney, we think of language as a complex of instrumentalities which serve in the expression of thought (as he would sayone might not wish to put it quite like this today), then gesture is part of language. For those of us with an interest in language conceived of in this way, our task must include working out all the intricate ways in which gesture is used in relation to speech and of showing the circumstances in which the organization of each is differentiated from the other as well as the ways in which they overlap. This can only enrich our understanding of how these instrumentalities function. If, on the other hand, we define language in structural terms, thus excluding from consideration most, if not all, of the kinds of gestural usages I have illustrated today, we may be in danger of missing important features of how language, so defined, actually succeeds as an instrument of communication. Such a structural definition is valuable as a matter of convenience , as a way of delimiting a field of concern. On the other hand, from the point of view of a comprehensive theory of how humans do all the things they do by means of utterances, it cannot be sufficient. (Adam Kendon, Language and Gesture: Unity or Duality? Language and Gesture, ed. by David McNeill. Cambridge University Press, 2000) Language as a Device for Bonding [T]he size of human social groups gives rise to a serious problem: grooming is the mechanism that is used to bond social groups among primates, but human groups are so large that it would be impossible to invest enough time in grooming to bond groups of this size effectively. The alternative suggestion, then, is that language evolved as a device for bonding large social groupsin other words, as a form of grooming-at-a-distance. The kind of information that language was designed to carry was not about the physical world, but rather about the social world. Note that the issue here is not the evolution of grammar as such, but the evolution of language. Grammar would have been equally useful whether language evolved to subserve a social or a technological function. (Robin I.A. Dunbar, The Origin and Subsequent Evolution of Language. Language Evolution, ed. by Morten H. Christiansen and Simon Kirby. Oxford University Press, 2003) Otto Jespersen on Language as Play (1922) - [P]rimitive speakers were not reticent and reserved beings, but youthful men and women babbling merrily on, without being so particular about the meaning of each word. . . . They chattered away for the mere pleasure of chattering . . ..   [P]rimitive speech . . . resembles the speech of little baby himself, before he begins to frame his own language after the pattern of the grownups; the language of our remote forefathers was like that ceaseless humming and crooning with which no thoughts are as yet connected, which merely amuses and delights the little one. Language originated as play, and the organs of speech were first trained in this singing sport of idle hours. (Otto Jespersen,Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin, 1922) - It is quite interesting to note that these modern views [on the commonality of language and music and of language and dance] were anticipated in great detail by Jespersen (1922: 392-442). In his speculations about the origin of language, he arrived at the view that referential language must have been preceded by singing, which in its turn was functional in fulfilling the need for sex (or love), on the one hand, and the need for coordinating collective work, on the other. These speculations have, in turn, their origins in [Charles] Darwins 1871 book The Descent of Man: we may conclude from a widely-spread analogy that this power would have been especially exerted during the courtship of the sexes, serving to express various emotions. . . . The imitation by articulate sounds of musical cries might have given rise to words expressive of various complex emotions. (quoted from Howard 1982: 70) The modern scholars mentioned above agree in rejecting the well-known scenario according to which language originated as a system of monosyllabic grunt-like sounds that had the (referential) function of pointing at things. Instead, they propose a scenario according to which referential meaning was slowly grafted upon nearly autonomous melodious sound. (Esa Itkonen, Analogy as Structure and Process: Approaches in Linguistics, Cognitive Psychology and Philosophy of Science. John Benjamins, 2005) Divided Views on the Origins of Language (2016) Today, opinion on the matter of language origins is still deeply divided. On the one hand, there are those who feel that language is so complex, and so deeply ingrained in the human condition, that it must have evolved slowly over immense periods of time. Indeed, some believe that its roots go all the way back to  Homo habilis, a tiny-brained hominid that lived in Africa not far short of two million years ago. On the other, there are those like [Robert] Berwick and [Noam] Chomsky who believe that humans acquired language quite recently, in an abrupt event. Nobody is in the middle on this one, except to the extent that different extinct hominid species are seen as the inaugurators of language’s slow evolutionary trajectory. That this deep dichotomy of viewpoint has been able to persist (not only among linguists, but among paleoanthropologists, archaeologists, cognitive scientists, and others) for as long as anyone can remember is due to one simple fact: at least until the very recent advent of writing systems, language has left no trace in any durable record. Whether any early humans possessed language, or didn’t, has had to be inferred from indirect proxy indicators. And views have diverged greatly on the matter of what is an acceptable proxy. (Ian Tattersall, At the Birth of Language.   The New York Review of Books, August 18, 2016) Also  See Where Does Language Come From?: Five Theories on the Origins of Language Cognitive Linguistics  and  Neurolinguistics

Government funding for research benefit society.Do you agree Essay

Government funding for research benefit society.Do you agree - Essay Example Historically, R&D has been an indicator for innovation in any given country. For instance, the UK increased its spending on research and development between the years 1995 2011 to over  £27 billion (Muscio, Quaglione and Vallanti, 2013). However, there was a decline in research funding at the onset of economic crisis. Currently, UK government through RCUK (Research Councils UK) has initiated a new initiative known as Newton Fund to strengthen innovation and research (Hicks, 2012). By definition, research refers search for new concepts and knowledge while development is the process of bringing a new process or product from existing theory and knowledge (Chu, 2008). Therefore, this piece of work recommends that government funding for research benefits a society by ensuring that the country has a healthy society, productive economy and contributes to sustainability. The implication is that research and science are the heart of the nations economic growth, wider wellbeing, and prosperi ty. The conclusion as to why the government should fund research and development is always open to debate. Private sectors benefit from such initiatives, but they do not channel their benefits to societal well-being (Muscio, Quaglione, and Vallanti, 2013). However, it is the duty of the government to ensure that research and innovation is the core to economic growth. Central to this argument is that research and development has outstanding benefits to the society thus the government is obliged to channel funds to this sector. One underlying assumption for funding research is that countries use R&D to facilitate new commerce, and the aim is to improve the quality of life (Hicks, 2012). In fact, research should be part of a society’s infrastructure just like roads. As known to many, the government has the sole task of providing infrastructure, and it should take this as a responsibility. The